APOPTOSIS IN ORAL DIAGNOSTICS: AN OVERVIEW

Abstract

Apoptosis describes the molecular and morphological processes leading to controlled cellular self destruction. In recent years, it has been investigated for its biological significance in numerous physiological processes including embryogenesis, differentiation, proliferation /homeostasis and in the regulation of immune system. Its dysfunction and deregulation seems responsible for variety of pathological conditions e.g immune deficiency, autoimmune diseases, neuro-degenerative diseases and cancer. This communication updates molecular understanding of this natural phenomenon and its application in oral diagnostics. The present concept of signaling pathways for initiation of apoptotic characteristic changes is illu stra te d and the ro le o f certain ap o p to tic genes id e n tifie d so far is discu ssed. Abnormality of apoptosis and apoptotic regulatory genes during oral carcinogenesis, though conflictory, is presented. Further, clinical potential for monitoring reactions to chemo-radiotherapy is evaluated from human and animal studies and their usage as physiological markers for oral preneoplasia and squamous cell
carcinoma is analyzed. On the basis of oral cytology the application of new physical and molecular methodological techniques is
outlined e.g cytophotometry, DNA cytometry in relation to molecular studies and their diagnostic and
prognostic implications. Understanding of molecular mechanisms provides development of newer therapeutic approaches in disease management and in future biomedical research. This overview updates molecular understanding of this
natural phenomenon as its applications seem to have potential for managing common diseases in future.